In this article we will explore various web connectivity technologies and protocols that allow the connected devices in IoT to transfer data to the cloud and receive commands or data back.   Data from connected devices route over the web in two types of communication environments as given below: Unconstrained environment web applications use HTTP […]

In the network layer or communication layer of the IoT system architecture, one or more communication technologies, either wired or wireless are used to collect the data, process the data and transfer the data to the cloud layer. In this article, let’s understand the basics of networking or the networking technologies used in IoT for […]

Information collected from sensors at multiple heterogeneous sources can lead to knowledge discovery after analysis and data visualisation.   Participatory Sensing (PS) is defined as the process whereby individuals and communities use mobile phones and cloud services to collect and analyse systematic data for use in the discovery.   Participants in the PS can be […]

A sensor is an electronic device or circuit that senses a physical environment or condition. Many IoT applications need data generated by the sensors. The sensors send the data/signals via a serial-port interface connected to a microcontroller or a computing device.   The block diagram of an IoT device or thing containing some kind of […]

In this article we will examine the technology behind IoT. Essentially, we are going to look at the physical design and logical design of IoT.   Physical Design Hardware (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, mBed, BeagleBone Black, Wireless SoC, Edge Computing Devices) Protocols (CoAP, RESTful, HTTP, MQTT) Communication (Ethernet, NFC, 6LoWPAN, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi, LoRaWAN) Network Backbone […]

In this article we will discuss the need capabilities for IoT system in general and explore necessary elements in device layer and server layer.   The five entities behind an IoT system are: Device platform (devices and microcontrollers) Software for device APIs and interfacing Connecting and networking protocols Server and application programs Cloud platform for […]

A reference model corresponds to reference architecture. There are several reference architectures for IoT. Each view consists of a particular set of distinct properties of the elements, such as layers, domains, or service capabilities.   Following are the suggestions and recommendations of the international organizations for architecture views as the layers/domains: Organisation Proposed Architecture Internet […]

Architecture is a description of relationships between the conceptual elements and target-system elements, and design principles. Reference architecture is a model of the elements and their relationships. The IoT domain covers an extremely wide range of technologies.   The architectural views in IoT consists of four views namely functional view, information view, deployment view and […]

A conceptual element refers to a functioning entity which reflects the intended function or action. A conceptual framework refers to a framework which describes functions of the conceptual elements. A simple conceptual framework of IoT is given below:     Things consist of an internetwork of devices and physical objects. The physical objects can gather […]