A service consists of a set of related software components and their functionalities. Each service has an associated service description. A service also has an associated Service Level Agreement (SLA).   Cloud connects the devices, gateways, systems, applications, services, things, businesses and manufacturing processes.   Cloud services can be considered as distribution service, a service […]

Business processes (BPs) refer to a sequence of actions or a set of processes logically related to each other. A business process contains a series of activities.   An enterprise might have a number of interrelated processes, which serves a particular result or goal that may include M2M/IoT data acquiring, storing, organizing, and transactions using […]

In this article let’s explore the role of devices, gateways in IoT and also understand how data management takes place in an IoT system.   Device The device management assigns ID and address for each device: ID: Each device is assigned an unique ID which is used for source and destination address Addressing: Header fields […]

In this article we will explore various web connectivity technologies and protocols that allow the connected devices in IoT to transfer data to the cloud and receive commands or data back.   Data from connected devices route over the web in two types of communication environments as given below: Unconstrained environment web applications use HTTP […]

In the network layer or communication layer of the IoT system architecture, one or more communication technologies, either wired or wireless are used to collect the data, process the data and transfer the data to the cloud layer. In this article, let’s understand the basics of networking or the networking technologies used in IoT for […]

Information collected from sensors at multiple heterogeneous sources can lead to knowledge discovery after analysis and data visualisation.   Participatory Sensing (PS) is defined as the process whereby individuals and communities use mobile phones and cloud services to collect and analyse systematic data for use in the discovery.   Participants in the PS can be […]

A sensor is an electronic device or circuit that senses a physical environment or condition. Many IoT applications need data generated by the sensors. The sensors send the data/signals via a serial-port interface connected to a microcontroller or a computing device.   The block diagram of an IoT device or thing containing some kind of […]

In this article we will examine the technology behind IoT. Essentially, we are going to look at the physical design and logical design of IoT.   Physical Design Hardware (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, mBed, BeagleBone Black, Wireless SoC, Edge Computing Devices) Protocols (CoAP, RESTful, HTTP, MQTT) Communication (Ethernet, NFC, 6LoWPAN, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi, LoRaWAN) Network Backbone […]

In this article we will discuss the need capabilities for IoT system in general and explore necessary elements in device layer and server layer.   The five entities behind an IoT system are: Device platform (devices and microcontrollers) Software for device APIs and interfacing Connecting and networking protocols Server and application programs Cloud platform for […]

A reference model corresponds to reference architecture. There are several reference architectures for IoT. Each view consists of a particular set of distinct properties of the elements, such as layers, domains, or service capabilities.   Following are the suggestions and recommendations of the international organizations for architecture views as the layers/domains: Organisation Proposed Architecture Internet […]